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Quick-wiki: ARM Cross-Compilation on Debian x86 Machine
The latest versions of DebianDebian has excellent support for cross-building through Debian Cross-toolchains ( see wiki: https://wiki.debian.org/ToolChain/Cross ).
Toolchains are set of software development tools and libraries (such as gcc , gdb , glibc ) that are chained together to enable you to build executable code on one operating system on one type of machine, such as a 64-bit Linux OS on an Intel x86 machine, but to execute them on a different operating system and/or a different architecture, such as a 32-bit Linux OS on an ARM device.
Debian cross toolchain is a good starting point. We can list the available toolchains as follows:
prashanth@krv:~$ apt-cache search cross-build-essential
crossbuild-essential-amd64 - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-arm64 - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-armel - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-armhf - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-i386 - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-powerpc - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-ppc64el - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-s390x - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mips - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mips64 - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mips64el - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mips64r6 - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mips64r6el - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mipsel - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mipsr6 - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
crossbuild-essential-mipsr6el - Informational list of cross-build-essential packages
The main purpose of these packages is to allow cross-compiling of Linux programs for different architecture distributions, but these can be used also for bare metal programming. One thing to be aware is the fact that the compiler by default tries to link the Linux standard C libraries that in bare metal programming have no use.
Here, I’m using ARM hard float ( armhf ) package for writing programs that is deployed to the Beagle boards.
prashanth@krv:~$ sudo apt install crossbuild-essential-armhf
Preparing to unpack .../crossbuild-essential-armhf_12.9_all.deb ...
Unpacking crossbuild-essential-armhf (12.9) ...
Setting up crossbuild-essential-armhf (12.9) ...
Test installation by calling the compiler directly.
prashanth@krv:~$ arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++ -v
COLLECT_GCC=arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++
Thread model: posix
gcc version 10.2.1 20210110 (Debian 10.2.1-6)
I’m writing a short C++ program, testcross.cpp , which can be compiled into binary code using the cross-compiler.
prashanth@krv:~$ gedit testcross.cpp
prashanth@krv:~$ more testcross.cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout << "Testing cross compilation for armhf" << endl;
return 0;
}
prashanth@krv:~$ arm-linux-gnueabihf-g++ testcross.cpp -o testcross
prashanth@krv:~$ ls -l testcross*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 prashanth prashanth 9064 Apr 5 13:02 testcross
-rw-r--r-- 1 prashanth prashanth 119 Apr 5 13:00 testcross.cpp
The binary file has an executable flag, but when the binary is invoked, it fails to execute. This is unsurprising, as we are attempting to execute ARM binary instructions on an Intel x86 machine.
prashanth@krv:~$ ./testcross
arm-binfmt-P: Could not open '/lib/ld-linux-armhf.so.3': No such file or directory
This error indicates that the ld-linux-armhf.so.3 file is not in the system library directory. A search of the filesystem locates it in the /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib/ directory.
prashanth@krv:~$ stat /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib/ld-linux-armhf.so.3
File: /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib/ld-linux-armhf.so.3 -> ld-2.31.so
Size: 10 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 symbolic link
Device: b302h/45826d Inode: 1447823 Links: 1
Access: (0777/lrwxrwxrwx) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2022-04-05 13:02:21.727259593 +0530
Modify: 2021-03-03 17:24:20.000000000 +0530
Change: 2022-03-29 20:49:01.659052574 +0530
Birth: 2022-03-29 20:49:01.631052872 +0530
One approach to solve this issue is to explicitly call the QEMU tool and specify the library directory, whereupon the program is emulated correctly.
prashanth@krv:~$ qemu-arm-static -L /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/ testcross
Testing cross compilation for armhf
Success! If we see this output, then we are able to build a binary on the x86 machine that can be executed directly on the ARM machine.